
Acetyl-L-carnitine capsules, provided by Douglas
Laboratories, each contain 500 mg of pure acetyl-Lcarnitine. Acetyl-L-carnitine plays a key role in maintaining
normal brain and nerve function during aging, as many well-designed human and
animal studies have shown consistently. Acetyl-L-carnitine is a naturally
occurring metabolite of L-carnitine, and both are present in the diet,
particularly in foods of animal origin. In most tissues of the body, both L-carnitine
and acetyl- L-carnitine are involved in fatty acid oxidation. They are part of
the so-called carnitine shuttle. L-carnitine shuttles fatty acids from the
cytosol (the cell fluid) into the mitochondria (the cell’s powerhouses) for
oxidation and energy production. The main end products of fatty acid oxidation
are energy (in the form of NADH), and acetyl groups. Most of these acetyl groups
are further oxidized in the mitochondria’s Krebs cycle, but some are needed in
the cytosol for producing other important metabolites. Acetyl-L-carnitine
provides a way to carry these acetyl groups through the mitochondrial membranes
back out into the cytosol. In brain and other nerve tissues, this acetyl group
export by acetyl-L-carnitine out of the mitochondria into the cytosol is
important in maintaining normal levels of acetyl groups for the production of
acetylcholine and other acetylated neurotransmitters, that are so crucial for
normal brain and nerve function. The enzyme that makes acetylcholine from acetyl
groups and choline is the choline acetyl transferase. The activity of this
important enzyme has a tendency to decline with age, causing low acetylcholine
levels which in turn are thought to contribute to the impairment of brain
function that is associated with aging. Besides maintaining normal acetylcholine
levels, several studies indicate other neuroprotective benefits of acetyl-L-carnitine,
which may be due to at least three modes of action. First, acetyl-L-carnitine
has been shown to maintain cellular membrane stability, and to restore
age-related membranal changes. Acetyl-L-carnitine can also act as an
antioxidant, scavenging harmful superoxide radicals. Since superoxide can damage
membrane lipids, this may explain acetyl-L-carnitine’s membrane protective
properties. Second, animal studies indicate that acetyl-L-carnitine preserves
normal levels of nerve growth factor in brain tissue during aging. Third, human
studies indicate that acetyl-L-carnitine increases cerebral blood flow. In
summary, acetyl-L-carnitine is a naturally occurring compound that supports
normal brain and nerve function during aging through various mechanisms. These
include its actions on acetylcholine synthesis, membrane stability, nerve growth
factor production, and cerebral blood flow. Acetyl-L-carnitine capsules may be a useful
nutritional adjunct for individuals who wish to support the body’s nervous
system and brain function. Adults take 1 capsule daily or as directed by
physician. This product is best taken with meals No adverse side effects reported. Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct
light. Keep out of reach of children. Bonavita E. Study of the efficacy and tolerability of
L-acetyl carnitine therapy in the senile brain. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther
Toxicol 1986;24:511-6. Bowman BA. Acetyl-carnitine and Alzheimer's disease. Nutr
Rev 1992;50:142-4. Brooks JO, 3rd, Yesavage JA, Carta A, Bravi D. Acetyl L-carnitine
slows decline in younger patients with Alzheimer's disease: a reanalysis of
a double-blind, placebo-controlled study using the trilinear approach. Int
Psychogeriatr 1998;10:193-203. Calvani M, Arrigoni-Martelli E. Attenuation by acetyl-L-carnitine
of neurological damage and biochemical derangement following brain ischemia
and reperfusion. Int J Tissue React 1999;21:1-6. Carta A, Calvani M, Bravi D, Bhuachalla SN. Acetyl-L-carnitine
and Alzheimer's disease: pharmacological considerations beyond the
cholinergic sphere. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993;695:324-6. Florio T, Meucci O, Grimaldi M, Ventra C, Cocozza E,
Avallone A, Postiglione A, Marino A, Schettini G. Effect of acetyl-L-carnitine
treatment on brain adenylate cyclase activity in young and aged rats. Eur
Neuropsychopharmacol 1993;3:95-101. Foreman PJ, Perez-Polo JR, Angelucci L, Ramacci MT,
Taglialatela G. Effects of acetyl-L-carnitine treatment and stress
exposure on the nervegrowth factor receptor (p75NGFR) mRNA level in the
central nervous system of aged rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol
Psychiatry 1995;19:117-33. Forloni G, Angeretti N, Smiroldo S. Neuroprotective activity
of acetyl- L-carnitine: studies in vitro. J Neurosci Res 1994;37:92-6. Gorini A, D'Angelo A, Villa RF. Action of L-acetylcarnitine
on different cerebral mitochondrial populations from cerebral cortex.
Neurochem Res 1998;23:1485-91. Gorini A, D'Angelo A, Villa RF. Energy metabolism of
synaptosomal subpopulations from different neuronal systems of rat
hippocampus: effect of L-acetylcarnitine administration in vivo. Neurochem
Res 1999;24:617-24. Hagen TM, Ingersoll RT, Wehr CM, Lykkesfeldt J, Vinarsky V,
Bartholomew JC, Song MH, Ames BN. Acetyl-L-carnitine fed to old rats
partially restores mitochondrial function and ambulatory activity. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:9562-6. Hagen TM, Wehr CM, Ames BN. Mitochondrial decay in aging.
Reversal through supplementation of acetyl-L-carnitine and N-tertbutyl-
alpha-phenyl-nitrone. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998;854:214-23. Paradies G, Petrosillo G, Gadaleta MN, Ruggiero FM. The
effect of aging and acetyl-L-carnitine on the pyruvate transport and
oxidation in rat heart mitochondria. FEBS Lett 1999;454:207-9. Piovesan P, Pacifici L, Taglialatela G, Ramacci MT,
Angelucci L. Acetyl-L-carnitine treatment increases choline
acetyltransferase activity and NGF levels in the CNS of adult rats following
total fimbria- ornix transection. Brain Res 1994;633:77-82. Postiglione A, Soricelli A, Cicerano U, Mansi L, De Chiara
S, Gallotta G, Schettini G, Salvatore M. Effect of acute administration of
L-acetyl carnitine on cerebral blood flow in patients with chronic cerebral
infarct. Pharmacol Res 1991;23:241-6. Salvioli G, Neri M. L-acetylcarnitine treatment of mental
decline in the elderly. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1994;20:169-76. Sano M, Bell K, Cote L, Dooneief G, Lawton A, Legler L,
Marder K, Naini A, Stern Y, Mayeux R. Double-blind parallel design pilot
study of acetyl levocarnitine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Arch
Neurol 1992;49:1137-41. Spagnoli A, Lucca U, Menasce G, Bandera L, Cizza G, Forloni
G, Tettamanti M, Frattura L, Tiraboschi P, Comelli M, et al. Long-term
acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology
1991;41:1726-32. Swamy-Mruthinti S, Carter AL. Acetyl- L -carnitine decreases
glycation of lens proteins: in vitro studies. Exp Eye Res 1999;69:109-15.
Taglialatela G, Caprioli A, Giuliani A, Ghirardi O. Spatial
memory and NGF levels in aged rats: natural variability and effects of
acetyl-Lcarnitine treatment. Exp Gerontol 1996;31:577-87. Taglialatela G, Navarra D, Cruciani R, Ramacci MT, Alema GS,
Angelucci L. Acetyl-L-carnitine treatment increases nerve growth factor
levels and choline acetyltransferase activity in the central nervous system
of aged rats. Exp Gerontol 1994;29:55-66. White HL, Scates PW. Acetyl-L-carnitine as a precursor of
acetylcholine. Neurochem Res 1990;15:597-601. *These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug
Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or
prevent any disease.
Description
Functions
Indications
Suggested Use
Side Effects/Warnings
Storage
References:
Each Capsule
Contains:
Acetyl-L-Carnitine
500 mg
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